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Lupine Publishers| Can Cats Cause Schizophrenia? an Insight into the Role of Bartonella Henselae in Neuropsychiatric Disorders

 

  Lupine Publishers | Journal of Health Research and Reviews

 

Cat Scratch Disease(CSD)

Bartonella henselae is a fastidious gram-negative rod which is the etiological agent of Cat Scratch Disease(CSD) and is allied with bacillary angiomatosis in HIV-infected individuals. A total of 30 different species of Bartonella and 13 of those have been found to infect human beings [1]. Different Bartonella species causes wide-ranging and multifaceted diseases in humans [2]. The primary carriers of Bartonella henselae are Cats. Stray cats as well as healthy pets. The flea vector Ctenocephalides felis transmits Bartonella between cats. The mode of transmission to humans is through a scratch or bite from a cat or a kitten. Cat scratch disease is prevalent in all age groups, but more common in children less than 10 years of age [3].

Neurobartonellosis

In Humans, the bacterium infects pericytes, macrophages, erythrocytes, and endothelial cells, resulting in vascular pathology. Throughout the world, research data demonstrates a broad spectrum of neurological abnormalities caused by Bartonella spp referred to as neurobartonellosis. It is found to have equal prevalence in immunocompetent and immunocompromised patients [4]. Bartonella species were isolated from chronically ill patients, suffering from various diseases such as epilepsy, rheumatoid arthritis and migrane with idiopathic etiology [1].

Pediatric Acute-Onset Neuropsychiatric Syndrome (PANS): A case Study

Due to a sudden onset psychotic behaviour, an adolescent patient was diagnosed and treated for schizophrenia over a period of 18 months; resulting in failure of psychosis and autoimmune disorders treatment. The lesions on the patient’s skin were identified and led to the diagnosis of serum positive Bartonella infection. The adolescent was then treated with Long term antimicrobial chemotherapy that helped in full recovery from all the Neuropsychiatric Symptoms. This study advocates the contribution of Bartonella infection towards the development and progression of neuropsychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia [1].

Conclusion

This advancement has led to a different aspect of approach towards the infectious etiology of neuropsychiatric illnesses such as Schizophrenia, Alzheimer’s disease. Future investigations are essential to understand the potential role of viral and bacterial infections in medically complex neuropsychiatric disorders with idiopathic etiology.

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Lupine Publishers: Lupine Publishers| Diet, Obesity and Diabetes

Lupine Publishers: Lupine Publishers| Diet, Obesity and Diabetes:  Lupine Publishers| Archives of Diabetes & Obesity (ADO) Abstract Obesity and diabetes have become a very important global pro...

Lupine Publishers: Lupine Publishers| Diet, Obesity and Diabetes

Lupine Publishers: Lupine Publishers| Diet, Obesity and Diabetes:  Lupine Publishers| Archives of Diabetes & Obesity (ADO) Abstract Obesity and diabetes have become a very important global pro...

Lupine Publishers: Lupine Publishers | Contrast-Induced Nephropathy: ...

Lupine Publishers: Lupine Publishers | Contrast-Induced Nephropathy: ...:  Lupine Publishers | Journal of Urology & Nephrology Abstract Contrast induced nephropathy (CIN) is a common cause of hospita...

Lupine Publishers| Task Acquisition and Motor Learning Require Conscious Efforts by The Patients

 

  Lupine Publishers | Journal of Health Research and Reviews

Abstract

Motor learning and skill acquisition is a complex process of learning through the interaction of various dependent variables. One of the most important variables is the conscious effort of the patients to learn a new skill or to refine a learned skill. Social and communication skills of a therapist play an important role in motivating and engaging cognitionof a patient to learn a new motor skill.

Keywords:Motor Learning; New Skill; Practice; Training

Short Communication

Motor learning is a “collection of internal processes associated with practice leading to relatively permanent changes in the skilled behavior.” In other terms, motor learning is when complex processes occurring in the brain, in response to the practice of a particular skill resulting in the change in neuronal network [1]. Motor learning involves three stages such as, cognitive, associative and autonomous [2]. Except for the autonomous stage, cognitive and autonomous stage requires a conscious effort by the patients [3-5]. The Smart Approach (SA) is a systematic way to approach a patient for better rehabilitation outcome. The SA involves the following stages.

a. Stage 1: Reviewing the medical record of the patient.

b. Stage 2: Review the latest scienti􀏐ic literature for the best current practice.

c. Stage 3: The rehabilitation goals must be formulated in consultation with the patients and care takers.

The SA improves patients trust in therapist, which is essential factor in the success of the treatment. SA by a therapist would result in greater acceptance of activity modi􀏐ication and adherence to the regime, lower anxiety level in relation to any con􀏐lict [6-9]. Patients are more likely to open and disclose information if they trust their therapist. [6] [10,11]. In view of the above, it’s imperative for a therapist to gain the con􀏐idence of the patients through a SA. Regular one to one personal interaction, short counseling sessions and resolving a con􀏐lict causing anxiety must be the priority for a therapist to engage the patients’ physical and mental capacity to the fullest.

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